MID SEMESTER EXAM
Course : nature chemistry
Credit : 2 SKS
Lecture
: Dr. Syamsurizal, M.Si
Day/Date
: Saturday, November 24st 2012
Time
: 15.30 - 09.00 ( November,26st
2012 )
1). Express your own ideas on how to convert a mixture of natural ingredients that have the potential (inactive) can be
transformed into higher compounds that have a high potential for biological activity. Give the example.
answer:
The Example in plants which in our opinion can not have high
competence in the treatment of this "green pearl". Pearl grass, as well as having a
beautiful plant is named after the Latin name Hedyotis corymbosa speed L. This is one of the medicinal
plants that have a myriad of important health benefits. Plants diminutive height 15-50
cm is usually grown in wetlands and getting enough sunlight as the side of the
road, on the edge of the pit, the yard, in the garden or wet vacuum. The leaves of
this plant is crossed with other leaves do with a length of about 2-5 cm and
the pointed end. The flowers are umbrella-shaped
blank and the handle as hard wire with a length of 5-10 mm. While men be built by the end of
the cracking and leaves armpits. The plants belonging to the
Rubiaceae tribe has a name that is synonymous Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. In Western countries, this plant
is known as the flower diamond ,but in
some areas of the country, such as Jakarta, is known as the leaves and pearls
in Java known as CAPTE-CESPE katepan or pole.
Pearl
grass as anticancer
Although often considered a weed gadfly, it turns out all the
pearls grass can be used as a medicine. Pearl herb
contains stigmasterol, sitesterol, Hentriacontane, stigmasterol, ursolat acid,
uleanolat acid, beta-sitosterol acid, p-kumarat, irinoid (among others
asperulosid, skandosidmetilester, benzoilskandometileester), tannins and
flavonoids glycosides. Research conducted by Dr.
Setiawan Dalimartha (expert and author of medicinal plants) in animals in vivo,
demonstrating that pearl grass may inhibit leukemia cells in mice, but can
inhibit the cells of other cancers, such as cervical cancer, liver cancer , limphosarcoma, gastric cancer,
breast cancer, rectal cancer and cancer of the nasopharynx.
The main components Hedyotis
corymbosa has antineoplastic effects are triterpene acids and the amino acid
ursolat oleanolat. Amino acids Ursolat and
contained in the grass uleanolat bead can prevent the development of cancer
cell division to a more severe stage. The two components can inhibit
the growth of tumors which were transplanted subcutaneously hepatoma cells and
in vitro and in vivo. E 'has been reported that the
acid ursolat tumor growth menginhibisi cell and induce apoptosis. While the acid oleanolat has
cytotoxic effect against Hep G2 cells in the human liver.
Meanwhile, iridoids contained
the pearl grass useful as antihepatotoksik, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective
iridoids antitumor. a mechanism that is by liver regeneration and stimulates
the formation of new liver cells. While the content of flavonoid
glycosides in grass pearl thought to inhibit the process of carcinogenesis both
in vitro and in vivo. The most carcinogenic compounds
require activation of enzymes cytochrome reactive intermediates are formed
prior to binding to DNA. Covalent bond between the DNA
with the active compounds carcinogens that cause DNA damage. Flavonoids in this process acts
as a blocking agent. Flavonoids also increases the
expression of enzymes Gluthation S-transferase (GST) that can detoxify
carcinogens active to become more polar and eliminated from the body. Another mechanism by binding the
carcinogen active flavonoids that can prevent binding to DNA, RNA or protein
targets.
Another advantage pearl grass
In
addition as antitumor, grass pearl may also be used as a natural antioxidant. Antioxidants are needed to
neutralize free radicals that can cause cell damage. The use of natural antioxidants
is certainly safer than synthetic antioxidants for carcinogenic synthetic
antioxidants on the reproductive system, causing swelling of the liver,
influence the activity of enzymes in the liver, even in the long-term safety. Effectiveness pearl is another
herb as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti karbunkular (ulcers heal),
anti-toxins, reduce fever (heat), activate blood circulation, improving the
blocking of sperm and improve the immune system. With the chemicals in it,
soaking water pearl grass, to treat a variety of diseases, such as mumps,
bronchitis, tonsillitis (tonsils), appendicitis, hepatitis, urinary tract
infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, cancer. The fresh leaves can also be
used to treat wounds such as burnt, bitten by a snake, bruises, sprains,
fractures, by in a sense and put the sick.
2) .Explain how the idea
of a compound of natural ingredients that have a high biological potency and
potential for the benefit of sentient beings can be synthesized in the
laboratory
answer:
Morinda citrifolia, or noni example.
Noni has many active ingredients are highly effective in preventing and
addressing a variety of diseases.
Active Ingredients Noni
1. The compounds of terpenoid
Terpenoid compounds are isometric
hydrocarbons were also present on fats / oils (essential oils), a type of fat
that is essential itubuh bag. Terpenoid substances help the body in the
synthesis of the body's cells and organic pemulihansel.
2. Anti-bacterial
Acubin, L. asperuloside, alizarin
and some antraquinon substances has been shown to be an anti-bacterial agent.
The contents of the Noni fruit has been shown to show strength against
bacterial infections categories: Pseudonzonas aeruginosa, Proteus morganii,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Test
subsequently demonstrated that the activity of antibacterial substances in Noni
fruit can control two groups of pathogenic bacteria fatal (), such as
Salmonella and Shigella. The discovery of anti-bacterial substances in the
juice of noni supports its use for the treatment of skin infections, colds,
fever and other health problems caused by bacteria.
3. Acid
Ascorbic acid is in the Noni fruit
is a good source of vitamin C has been exceptional. Vitamin C is a powerful
antioxidant. Benefits of antioxidants to neutralize free radicals (harmful
particles formed as a result of side metabolic processes, which can damage the
genetic material and damage the immune system). Caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric
acid and fatty acids belong to this class. Caproic and capric acid is what
causes the pungent smell
Noni fruit.
4. Nutrition
Noni is a complete food that is
nutritionally complete. Most of the indigenous Polynesian cultures of the past
and the present, based on Noni fruit as a main meal. A native of South Pacific
islands consume Noni fruit to stay alive in times of famine. Similarly,
soldiers who settled in the islands of Polynesia during the Second World War,
it is recommended to consume Noni fruit to add strength and power.The nutrients the body needs are carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals
are also available in fruit or Noni leaf. Selenium is an example of the many
minerals found in Noni and is a powerful antioxidant.
5. Scopoletin
In 1993, University of Hawaii
researchers were able to separate substances scopoletin Noni fruit. These
substances have medicinal properties scopoletin this, and in addition to
experts believe that scopoletin is one of the substances contained in the Noni
fruit that can bind to serotonin, one of the important chemicals of the body to
function widens vessels manusia.Scopoletin constriction of the blood
circulation and the blood. In addition scopoletin has also been shown to kill
certain types of bacteria, are fungicides (mold killers) against Pythium sp and
are also anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic.
6. Anti-cancer substances (damnacanthal)
Some recent research on Noni conducted to determine the content of anti-tumor
substances (damnacanthal). Four Japanese scientists managed to find anti-cancer
substances in the extract of Morinda citrifolia when they are looking for
substances that stimulate the growth of abnormal cells in the normal structure
of K-ras-NRK (precancerous cells) in 500 types of plant extracts. Apparently
the anti-cancer substances in Noni most effective against abnormal cells.
7. Xeronine and proxeronine
One of the alkaloid that can be found in the Noni fruit is xeronine. Xeronine
also produced by the human body in a limited number of functions to activate
enzymes and regulate the function of the proteins in the cell.
8. Of dyes
Noni bark of the root vegetables
contain dyes (red), which was given namamorindon and Morindin.
Effectiveness of Noni by science
-Improve Endurance Body
-normalize blood pressure
-the fight against cancer and tumor
-eliminate pain
-anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy
-anti-bacterial
-Set the Mood Cycle (Mood)
-Set the Cycle Energy Body
In line with the increase in the volume of consumer awareness and demand for
the use of natural medicines, the study also focused on the noni plant to use
as a medicament. Special tree noni noni use as pharmaceuticals are nourishing
to launch the urine, blood sugar and cholesterol levels. While the leaves and
roots is believed to cure colic, dysentery, and eczema. Some other benefits of
noni juice dosage form, capsules, scrubs among others, as an antibiotic,
antibacterial, aterioskerosis, artrisis, back pain, give - give, cosmetics, and
anticancer drugs. Noni fruit meat can also be processed into high content of
dietary fiber (dietary fiber).
Products from the noni tree was
largely carried out by several manufacturers at home and abroad, in the form of
capsules and juice of noni fruit. And in the process of production of waste
noni juice is generated in the form of seeds. The number of seeds produced noni
large enough that 20% - 25% of the total weight of the fruit as needed.
Under these conditions, has conducted research on the use of noni seed isolating
the noni seed oil. This research aims to study insulating oil from noni seeds
are extracted with n-hexane solvent and test the quality of the oil. The
results should be an alternative to using noni seeds.
From the available literature, the noni oil is widely used as a raw material
for cosmetics, candles and massage oils. The latest results show, noni seed oil
is also beneficial in smoothing the skin (detergent) and help the process of
skin renewal (rejuvenation agent).
Isolation of seed oil noni
To determine the composition of noni
fruit, must first be made to the separation process noni fruit using an
extrusion device. Instrument extruder can be used to separate the components of
noni in the skin and seeds, and pulp and juice.
From the result of the separation,
noni seeds and skins are the second ingredient after the fruit, which is about
27 kg/100 kg of fruit. This shows, noni juice production process of the waste
produces seeds for this remarkable and still untapped. By way of example, a
cooperative of producers of noni juice in Bogor in a month requires a minimum
of 10,000 kg of fruit, so that the above calculation, produces waste products
like seeds of noni minimum weight of 2700 kg.
The next process is the process of separation of the skin noni fruit
seed, which is done by washing with water and filter. To lower the water
content in the seeds of noni, noni to dry the seeds with the sun so that the
expected level of water remaining 2% - 8%. The dried beans are then crushed to
facilitate the analysis of the next and the insulating oil.
Immediate analysis showed that the drying process managed to reduce the water
content in seeds noni the powder to 6.74%, can also be seen in fiber and
carbohydrates are the chemical compounds dominant in noni seeds. As the fat or
oil compounds third dominant, ie 13.2%, making it possible for isolated using
organic solvents or by mechanical processes such as pressing.
In this search, using the extraction process of insulating oil. Based on
the non-polar lipid, and then the insulation oil using the non-polar solvent
n-hexane with a sokhlet. The isolation process performed at 80 ° C for 4 hours.
Temperature conditions selected based on a consideration of the boiling point
of the solvent and oil stability, while the parameters of time is based on the
general procedure for the determination of crude fat. The yield of oil
extracted with n-hexane was varied between 11.59% - 12.60%. The oil is
generally light yellow and odorless.
In addition, the oil was tested quality of isolation and fatty acids. Quality
tests conducted on several parameters, namely: the number of saponification
number, iodine number, acid number, number of peroxides, density and refractive
index.
Numbers indicate the number of
alkaline saponification (mg KOH) necessary for menyabunkan 1 gram of oil. The
amount depends saponification number of molecular masses of oil, the greater is
the lowest number of penyabunannya the molecular mass. This can be explained,
by the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the oil, the lower is the molar
percentage of the carboxyl group reacts with bases. Analysis of the data noni
saponification number of the oil is 185 mg KOH / g sample, this figure is
relatively small compared to the saponification of coconut oil is 255-265 mg
KOH / g of sample.
This is apparently closely related
to the content of fatty acids of noni oil. Gas chromatographic analysis of the
data shows that oil fatty acids noni with a molecular mass greater than fatty
acids contained in coconut oil.
Numbers indicate the number of molecules of iodine can iodine bond
mengadisi from oil, expressed in grams of iodine per 100 grams of oil sample.
Numbers are very important in determining the quality of oil according to the
number of double bonds in fatty acids. The greater the number of iodine, more
double bonds present in oils fatty acids.
While an increasing number of double bonds in the oil, the oil will be
more easily damaged, because it is easily oxidized oxygen in the air, the
heating or chemical process.
The analysis of the data showed that the oil Noni has a very large
number of iodine is 114 grams iod/100 grams of oil. This figure is much larger
than that of the iodine value of palm oil 8-10 g iod/100 grams of oil.
Acid number indicates the number of free fatty acids in oils and is expressed
by the basic mg per 1 g of oil. Acid numbers is an important parameter in
determining the quality of the oil. This number indicates the number of fatty
acids present in the oil due to the reaction of hydrolysis for chemical
reactions, heating, physical processes or enzymatic reactions.
The higher the number, the more
acidic the oil that has been hydrolyzed. The analysis of the data showed that
the oil noni acid number of 21.12 mg KOH / g oil. The magnitude of these
numbers is suspected due to a hydrolysis process noni oil especially during
fruit ripening and processing.
Test the content of fatty acids in the oil phase of noni aims to determine the
type of fatty acid that exists and is done by using a gas chromatograph. Data
analysis of the qualitative data by comparing the retention time of the peak
chromatograms few examples of standards of fatty acids, the oil noni observed
contains some fatty acids are palmitic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and
linoleic acid.
In addition there are several peaks with different retention times can be
viewed, but not completed due to the limited range of standard fatty acids. But
based on the results of other researchers have also found that contains a fatty
acid such as stearic acid.
Of the four types of fatty acids that can be observed, has noni oil
contains more unsaturated fatty acids. As is known, oleic acid, linoleic acid
and linolenic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid with a quantity unsaturated
bond each line is one, two and three. The content of this would have resulted
in a large number of iodine and peroxide. You think because noni oil also easy
to be damaged and rancid. The results showed, noni seeds can be used as an
alternative material to produce oil.
3).
Explain the basic rules in choosing
a solvent for the isolation and purification of a compound of natural
ingredients. Set an example for 4 classes of
compounds of natural products: terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids.
answer:
Factors - factors affecting the extraction is as follows:
1.size material
2.the long (time)and extraction temperature
3. the type and concentration of the solvent
According Somaatmadja (1981) Thesis in Setiyowati (2007), there are two primary considerations in the choice of the type of solvent, the solvent should have a high solubility and solvents are not hazardous or toxic. The surest way solvent is ethanol. The solvent used in the extraction process is acetone, ethyl dichloride, ethanol, hexane, methanol and isopropyl alkhohol (Perry, 1981 in Setiyowati thesis, 2007). In general, the extraction takes place in a line starting from the non-polar solvent (n-hexane) and the polarity intermediate solvent (dichloromethane or ethyl acetate) and polar solvents (methanol or ethanol) (Anonymous, 2007c).
1.alkoloid,
Alkaloids are a class of compounds that mostly nitrogenous heterocyclic
bases and contained in plants. Alakaloid is the result of secondary metabolism..
An example of a compound which is the alkaloid caffeine .
Caffeine may be isolated from tea with water and chloroform solvent because
the solubility of caffeine in both solvents was great. Water as a solvent has
many advantages, in addition cheap too easily obtained and no damage during the
isolation of caffeine although at high temperatures. Difficulties arise because
it uses water as the extraction is a long-time isolation, distribution of salts
caffeine plants difficult, this led to the caffeine that can be extracted very
little.
As
is known that caffeine is a xanthine derivative which can provide important
effect in terms of stimulating the central nervous system, in particular the
respiratory center, stimulates the heart muscle, relaxation of smooth muscle
and may increase diuresis, but can narrows blood vessels in the brain are
headache and migrants. Keep in mind that excessive consumption of caffeine
causes hardening of the arteries that can lead to heart attacks and strokes, so
you have to be careful and not take it in excess.
Isolation
levels of caffeine in tea, as in this experiment based on the distribution of solute
in this case the caffeine in tea between the two phases, namely organic phase
and aqueous phase. Because it can dissolve well in hot water, so it must be
dissolved in hot water to boil and add sodium carbonate. More to the left for 7
minutes. This is done in order to homogenize the tea and solvent.
Moreover, once it is left, the mixture was filtered using a funnel into the
flask. The function of this filter is that the caffeine in tea has been able to
separate a mixture of residues or residues of tea, so that the filtrate
obtained in caffeine. The resulting residue were added 50 ml of hot water and
decanting with the goal that no caffeine remaining in the residue. The filtrate
is then combined with the first product filtered. Stir for about 20 minutes,
let cool. Inserted into the funnel and the filtrate was added 30 mL of
chloroform. The addition of chloroform is used to dissolve the caffeine in the
filtrate. Caffeine dissolved in the filtrate is characterized by the formation
of two layers in the filtrate, in which the upper layer is a layer of organic
phase containing residual salt and Pb and coating or the aqueous phase (bottom
layer) is a layer that contains caffeine in chloroform. After the two solutions
are distributed in two layers that had been chloroform solution binding of
caffeine. The formation of two layers was caused because the density between
the two solutions are different in which the tea is polar, while the bottom
layer which is non-polar CHCl3.
The
tea has a lower specific weight compared to chloroform. The difference in
density of the two solutions has led to the formation of two layers. In which
the top layer is a solution of tea, while the bottom layer is a solution of
chloroform (CHCl3). The bottom layer containing caffeine housed in the capsule
and the upper layer rinsed again with chloroform. This meant that caffeine is
still there on the upper level / phase and simultaneously purify substances
soluble in water caffeine from impurities, so as to obtain completely pure
caffeine. The function of these is the addition of CHCl3 to extract the
caffeine. Then added back CHCl3 have goals that caffeine is in tea that had
been previously released remain in the funnel so as to tie again, then added a
solution of CHCl3.
2. Isolation of terpenoids
Examples of noni. Realize leaf extract, fruit
extracts and extracts of bark performed the continuous extraction with Soxhlet
using different solvent polarity increases, the petroleum ether Next,
chloroform and ethanol to 95%. The extract obtained is then
evaporated at low pressure and temperatures below 60 ° C with a rotary
evaporator until thick.
Examination extract
Examination of extracts obtained performed by TLC and paper
chromatography. A TLC using silica gel 60
stationary phase and mobile phase selected pralapis system developers beerapa
and spotting a good separation. Used for the chromatography
paper Whatman No.1 paper and the corresponding phase. Patch apparition used is
ultraviolet light, 10% sulfuric acid were heated for 10 min 100th and potassium
hydroxide at 10% in methanol.
Isolation
Isolation of the chemical
components extracts obtained with liquid-liquid extraction, preparative thin
layer chromatography and preparative chromatography paper. Solvent extraction
of petroleum ether is designed to call up the fat, making it easier for the
subsequent isolation of other compounds of the extract.
Isolation of the compounds of chloroform and ethanol taken on
the basis of the results of the characterization of the extract by means of
thin layer chromatography and paper chromatography. From the chromatogram can
estimate the number of components and levels of polar compounds contained in
the extract.
From the chloroform extract and ethanol extract of the root
bark, compounds directly isolated by preparative TLC. Chloroform extract of the
leaves, fruits and more ethanol extract fruit contains impurities chlorophyll
in this case, as previously made for separating insulation above with
liquid-liquid extraction.
3. Flavonoid
Isolation and
characterization of flavonoid compounds of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) was carried
out with the method maceration with methanol and solvent fractionation with n-hexane
and ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate fraction column chromatographed using silica
gel as stationary phase and n-hexane: ethyl acetate: methanol as the mobile
phase in the PSC (polarity gradient SREP). The compound yellow solid isolated floured
bewama and showed positive for flavonoids after testing Shinoda, in addition to
providing a single stain after the ARH to different compositions of eluent.
4. Steroid
extraction of steroids sokletasi of 500 grams of leaves tread liman using n-hexane solvent to obtain ekstak n-hexane and lees. N-hexane extracts obtained and concentrated by evaporation of the solvent, so that the concentrated extract obtained in paste form less than 5 grams. After obtaining the concentrated
extract followed by specific steroid test using Lieberman Burchard reagent and gave a positive test is characterized by
the formation of a blue color. In this concentrated extract in separation layer kromotografi thin steroid to obtain the condition of other chemical compounds.
4) .Explain the basic starting point
for the determination of the structure of an organic compound. When the compounds of natural
ingredients such as caffeine .Express your ideas matter - whatever the subject
is necessary to determine the overall structure.
answer:
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites result of most of
the plants and is also a class of polyphenols content and widely distributed in
plants. An example is
flavonoid aurone.
Physical and
chemical properties of Auron, namely:
Polarity: Polar
soluble in water, for example, snapdragons and dahlias,
and carotenoids,
insoluble in water, such as tomato and tulip flowers
• the influence of acid:
• basic effect: in an alkaline solution of this compound
in red ros
The
characteristics and the identification of isolates:
1. Color reaction
Auron + ammonia vapor? (+) Red Yellow
Auron
concentrated HCl Mg + +? (+) Fast red
2. TLC (thin layer chromatography)
Working
procedures for identification by thin-layer chromatography:
1. Note the visible spots
2. Check
under UV light with a wavelength of 365 nm. If
fluorescent yellow then that is probably the type of Auron flavonoids
containing 4'-OH-free. If
the stains that appear yellow-green, blue-green, or green is probably the type
of flavonoids that do not contain Auron 4'-OH-free.
3. NH3
vapor then check under UV light with a wavelength of 365 nm. If
the orange or red spots that type of flavonoids is probably Auron containing
4'-OH-free. If
there was a slight change in color change or no to all types of flavonoids
probably Auron that do not contain 4'-OH-free.
4. UV-spectra
in a solvent with methanol Vis spectrophotometer
Results ultra violet spectrum can help to identify the
types of flavonoids and determine patterns of oxygenation. Position
of the free hydroxyl groups on the phenols flavonoid nucleus can be determined
with the addition of the reagent (slide reagents), and in samples of the shift
of absorption observed is happening. Indirectly,
this method is useful to determine the position of the sugar or methyl
connected to one of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Several
types of full spectrum of references very useful interpretation UV-Vis
absorption spectra.
The
advantage in this way is the amount of flavonoids which requires very little
about 0.1 mg. Flavonoids
are already known structure can be analyzed quantitatively by Beer-Lambert law:
A =? x
c x d
A = absorption
? = Absorbance molar (Lt.mol-1cm-1)
c
= concentration aurone (mol.Lt-1)
d =
thickness of the solution (cm)
To
identify the spectrum of flavonoids in methanol at 240-285 nm spectral range
(band II) and 300-550 nm (band I). Consists
of two main absorption maximum of Ring A system benzoyl (II tape) and the ring
system B sinamoil with some additional influence auxochrome (tape I). Place
the right and the maximum force provide valuable information concerning the
nature and aurone oxygenation model.
UV-Vis
absorption data of various flavonoid compounds may be seen in the following
table:
Tables. UV-Vis
absorption of flavonoids compounds Mid-Me-OH
Ribbon II (nm) Band I (nm) Type of flavonoid compounds
|
Pita II (nm)
|
Pita I (nm)
|
Properties elements of Flavonoid
|
|
250-280
|
310-350
|
Flavon
|
|
250-280
|
330-360
|
Flavonol (3-OH tersubstitusi)
|
|
250-280
|
350-385
|
Flavonol (3-OH bebas)
|
|
245-275
|
310-330 bahu
kira-kira pada 320 puncak
|
Isoflavon (5-deoksi dioksigenasi)
|
|
275-293
|
300-330 bahu
|
Flavanon dan dihidroflavonol)
|
|
230-270 kekuatan rendah
|
340-390
|
Khalkon
|
|
230-270 kekuatan rendah
|
380-430
|
Auron
|
|
270-280
|
485-560
|
Antosianidin dan antosianin
|
The
table shows that aurone can be distinguished from other flavonoids.
1. Reagent
to determine the pattern of hydroxylation to aurone
Aurone
hydroxylation process is similar to that with the reagent addition falvonoid
(slide reagent) can be used to determine the position of the phenolic hydroxyl
group on the core free flavonoids.
The
measures identified as follows:
1. At first look? before addition of
2. (A) + AlCl3 reagent
Terms:
no carbonyl at C-4, not OH at C-3 or C-5 à Al is then attacks the ortho
position
The existence of the group
attacked a turn? max right
Ex: Flavon and
flavonols
1. (B)
+ HCl à would break the bonds on the ring B (ring which is not acid resistant)
after a shift? max right (at
number 2) after the addition of HCl à à? max
will move to the left (special tape 1) à This means that there is an OH group on
the B / ortho position
1. i. OH groups on an
acid-resistant 3/5
2. ii. The group is not
resistant to acids à ortho position
3. The
addition of Na methoxide flavonoids à increase the intensity of the ring B
(pita1) à showed the presence of OH in position 3 '/ 4' à but if the intensity
initially increased à 5 'then the intensity decreases à OH in position 3 '/ 4'
4. The addition of Na acetate and a
Borat? Increases
Max (shifts to the right) a group not in any position except OH OH home Orto in
position C-5 and C-6
5. Leukoantosianidin +
àAntosianidin acid (the flower)
